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.Properly used condoms offer someprotection from sexually transmitted diseases but not full protection.Stress and fatigue can be minimized by maintaining physical fitness,staying informed, and sleeping when the mission and safety permits.Alcohol should be avoided as it causes dehydration, contributes to jetlag, can lead to depression, and decreases physical and mental readi-ness.Separation anxiety, continuous operations, changing conditions,and the observation of human suffering will intensify stress.Assistancefrom medical personnel or chaplains is available.Additional InformationWaterIf unapproved water, as found in many lakes, rivers, streams, and citywater supplies must be used in an emergency, the water may be disin-fected by:Adding calcium hypochlorite at 5.0 ppm for 30 minutes;Adding Chlor-Floc or iodine tablets according to label instructions;Heating water to a rolling boil for 5 to 10 minutes; orAdding 2 to 4 drops of ordinary chlorine bleach per quart of waterand waiting 30 minutes before using it.Either U.S.military preventive medicine or veterinary personnel shouldinspect bottled water supplies.Bottled water does not guarantee purity;direct sunlight on bottled water supplies may promote bacterial growth.Water in canals, lakes, rivers, and streams is likely contaminated; unnec-essary bathing, swimming, and wading should be avoided.If the tacticalsituation requires entering bodies of water, all exposed skin should becovered to protect from parasites.Following exposure, it is important todry vigorously and change clothing.I-2 RodentsRodents should not be tolerated in the unit area; they can spread seriousillness.Diseases may be contracted through rodent bites or scratches,transmitted by insects carried on rodents (such as fleas, ticks, or mites),or by contamination of food from rodent nesting or feeding.Personnelcan minimize the risk of disease caused by rodents by:Maintaining a high state of sanitation throughout the unit area;Sealing openings 1/4 inch or greater to prevent rodents from enteringunit areas;Avoiding inhalation of dust when cleaning previously unoccupiedareas (mist these areas with water prior to sweeping; when possible,disinfect area using 3 ounces of liquid bleach per 1 gallon of water).Promptly removing dead rodents.Personnel should use disposablegloves or plastic bags over the hands when handling any dead animaland place the dead rodent/animal into a plastic bag prior to disposal.Seeking immediate attention if bitten or scratched by a rodent or ifexperiencing difficulty breathing or flu-like symptoms.InsectsExposure to harmful insects, ticks, and other pests is a year-round,worldwide risk.The following protective measures reduce the risk ofinsect and tick bites:Use DoD-approved insect repellents properly;Apply DEET on all exposed skin;Apply permethrin on clothing and bed nets;Tuck bed net under bedding; use bed net pole;Avoid exposure to living or dead animals;Regularly check for ticks;Discourage pests by disposing of trash properly; eliminate food stor-age in living areas; andCover exposed skin by keeping sleeves rolled down when possible,especially during peak periods of mosquito biting (dusk and dawn);keep undershirts tucked into pants; tuck pant legs into boots.I-3 Uniforms correctly treated with permethrin, using either the aerosol spray-can method (reapply after sixth laundering) or with the Individual DynamicAbsorption (IDA) impregnation kit (good for 6 months or the life of the uni-form) will help minimize risks posed by insects.The date of treatmentshould be labeled on the uniform.Bed nets should be treated with permethrin for protection against bitinginsects using either the single aerosol spray can method (treating two bednets) or the unit s 2-gallon sprayer.All personnel should sleep undermosquito nets, regardless of time of day, ensure netting is tucked underbedding, and use poles to prevent bed nets from draping on the skin.DoD-approved insect repellents are:IDA KIT: NSN 6840-01-345-0237Permethrin Aerosol Spray: NSN 6840-01-278-1336DEET Insect Repellent: NSN 6840-01-284-3982Hot WeatherIf heat is a threat in the area, personnel should:Stay hydrated by drinking water frequently;Follow work-rest cycles;Monitor others who may have heat-related problems;Wear uniforms properly;Use a sun block (SPF 15 or higher), sunglasses, and lip balm;During hot weather, wear natural fiber clothing (such as cotton) nextto the skin for increased ventilation;Seek immediate medical attention for heat injuries such as cramps,exhaustion, or stroke.Heat injuries can also occur in cold weather;Avoid standing in direct sunlight for long periods; be prepared forsudden drops in temperature at night, and construct wind screens ifnecessary to avoid blowing dust or sand.Sunscreens:Sunscreen lotion: NSN 6505-01-121-2336Non-alcohol lotion base sunscreen: NSN 6505-01-267-1486I-4 WORK/REST TABLEEASY MODERATE HARDWORK WORK WORKWBGT Water Water WaterHeat Index Work / Intake Work / Intake Work / IntakeCat (o F) Rest (Qt/Hr) Rest (Qt/Hr) Rest (Qt/Hr)1 78 81.9 NL 1/2 NL 3/4 40/20 min 3/42 82 84.9 NL 1/2 50/10 min 3/4 30/30 min 13 85 87.9 NL 3/4 40/20 min 3/4 30/30 min 14 88 89.9 NL 3/4 30/30 min 3/4 20/40 min 15 > 90 50/10 min 1 20/40 min 1 10/50 min 1The work/rest times and fluid replacement volumes will sustain per-formance and hydration for at least 4 hours of work in the specific heatcategory.Individual water needs will vary +/- (plus/minus) 1/4 qt/hr.NL = no limit to work time per hour.Rest means minimal physicalactivity (sitting or standing) and should be done in shade if possible.Caution: Hourly fluid intake should not exceed 1 ½ quarts.Dailyintake should not exceed 12 quarts.Note: MOPP gear adds 10o toWBGT Index.FoodHigh risk food items such as fresh eggs, unpasteurized dairy products,lettuce or other uncooked vegetables, and raw or undercooked meatsshould be avoided unless they are from U.S.military approved sources.Those who must consume unapproved foods should choose low riskfoods such as bread and other baked goods, fruits that have thick peels(washed with safe water), and boiled foods such as rice and vegetables
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