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.” ButBarrow’s surprising critique of white racism actually reduced the eff ectiveness of his boldwitness against slavery, as his unorthodox views on race severely limited his audience in earlynational Kentucky.Historian John Boles has argued that by only of Kentucky’s, Baptists held antislavery views; see Boles, Religion in Antebellum Kentucky, –. The following discussion of slavery in early Tennessee draws heavily on the older but valuableinsights of Chase C.Mooney, Slavery in Tennessee (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,), esp.–, –; see also Stanley John Folmsbee, Sectionalism and Internal Improve-ments in Tennessee, 1796–1845 (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, ), – onhow Tennessee geography slowed the growth of slavery in the state until around . The fi rst written source conveying this tradition is John Allison, Dropped Stitches in TennesseeHistory (Nashville: Marshall and Bruce, ), .See also James W.Patton, “Progress ofEmancipation in Tennessee,” Journal of Negro History (): –. Asa E.Martin, “The Anti-Slavery Societies of Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Magazine (): –. Acts of Tennessee, 1801, ; see also Mooney, Slavery in Tennessee, –. Martin, “The Anti-Slavery Societies of Tennessee,” . Mooney, Slavery in Tennessee, –. The temporary, necessary evil concession made by upper South leaders, however, worriedslaveholders in the lower South, who were becoming convinced that slavery was essential totheir long-term economic well-being and wanted loyal political allies and trading partners inthe upper South.On this point, see Freehling, Road to Disunion, –. James Madison, “Memorandum on an African Colony for Freed Slaves,” in Th e Papers ofJames Madison, ed.Rachal Hutchinson et al., :–; James Madison, “Answers to Ques-tions Concerning Slavery,” c., in Th e Writings of Madison, ed.Gaillard Hunt (New York:G P.Putnam’s Sons, –), :; James Madison to Robert J.Evans, June , ,in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, ed.William C.Rives and Philip R.Fendall(Philadelphia, ), :–; McCoy, Last of the Fathers, –; see also Gaillard Hunt,“William Thornton and Negro Colonization,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (): –. For good overviews of Tucker’s eff orts on behalf of emancipation, see McColley, Slav-ery in Jeff ersonian Virginia, –; Freehling, Drift Toward Dissolution, –; PhillipHamilton, “Revolutionary Principles and Family Loyalties: Slavery’s Transformation in theSt.George Tucker Household of Early National Virginia,” William and Mary Quarterly ( October ): –. St.George Tucker to Jeremy Belknap, January , , in Collections of the MassachusettsHistorical Society, , :–. St.George Tucker, A Dissertation on Slavery: With a Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of It, inthe State of Virginia (Philadelphia, ). Ibid., esp.–.554N O T E S T O P A G E S 4 8 — 5 0 St.George Tucker to Ludwell Lee, November , , Ludwell Lee to St.George Tucker,December , , and George K.Taylor to St.George Tucker, December , , inTucker-Coleman Collection, W&M.See also McColley, Slavery in Jeff ersonian Virginia,–. St.George Tucker, “Queried Relating to Slavery in Massachusetts,” in Collections of theMassachusetts Historical Society, , :. See Douglas R.Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: Th e Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800–1802(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,); Testimony of Ben Woolfolk, “Trialof Nicholas King,” in Flourney, ed., Calendar of Virginia State Papers, :–.t w o.r e b e l l i o n a n d r e a c t i o n The three standard accounts of the Gabriel insurrection scare are Gerald W.Mullin, Flightand Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press, ), esp.–; Douglas R.Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: Th e Virginia SlaveConspiracies of 1800–1802 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ); and JamesSidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ).For a recent update, see Douglas R.Egerton,Death or Liberty: African Americans and Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, ), –. The single most extensive set of published records of Gabriel’s rebellion are the depositionand trial records collected in William Price Palmer and Henry W.Flourney, eds
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