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.He worked at various jobs before becoming a civilian em-ployee of the military.He served variously as probate judge, districtattorney, territorial legislator, and various other public positions,and was founder of the Arizona Pioneer.At the time Bourke knewhim, he was trader for the Zunis.(Thrapp, 1991, 1:62)GARFIELD, James Abram (1831 81), president of the UnitedStates for six months in 1881, was nominated by a coalition ofGrant s enemies in the Republican Convention of 1880.A nativeof Ohio, Garfield was entirely self-made, having worked his waythrough Williams College and as a school master.In 1859, he waselected to the Ohio Senate, where he was noted for his eloquence PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE DIARY 495and logic.With the outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointedlieutenant colonel of Volunteers, studied tactics, and mastered com-mand so well that, after the Union disaster at Chickamauga thatruined Maj.Gen.William S.Rosecrans, Garfield was appointed majorgeneral.He served in both houses of Congress before his electionto the presidency.He was the second president to be assassinated.(Warner, 166 67)GOULD, Jay (1836 92), originally named Jason, was an Ameri-can railroad magnate and financier.A native of Roxbury, New York,he did odd jobs, and by the age of twenty-one had saved $5,000,which he used to obtain part interest in a tannery.Eventually heattained full control, and from there went into speculation in smallrailroads.In 1867, he achieved notoriety when, with two partners,he managed to wrest control of the Erie Railroad from CorneliusVanderbilt.From that point, he began acquiring control of the majorlines as they expanded across the country, as well as Western UnionTelegraph.(Johnson and Malone, 7:454 55)HALE, Edward Everett (1822 1909), Unitarian clergyman whoeventually became chaplain of the Senate, was a prominent socialactivist for much of the latter half of the nineteenth century.Heedited several newspapers and magazines, some of which he found-ed.He also wrote voluminous social commentary, as well as shortstories, the best known of which is The Man Without a Country. (Wikipedia)HAWORTH, James M., entered the Indian service as agent for theKiowas and Comanches at Fort Sill from 1873 to 1878.In 1879, heserved as special agent to the Quapaws in northeastern Oklahoma,and later that year as special agent-at-large at Fort Hall.In 1880, hemet with the chiefs of the Poncas who remained in the Territory,concluded they did not wish to be repatriated to Dakota, and testi-fied accordingly before the Senate committee.(Mathes, 165 n2)HAYDEN, Ferdinand Vandiver (1829 87), was a physician andgeologist who made his first western expedition under paleontolo-gist Fielding Bradford Meek to the Dakota Badlands in 1853.Hecontinued exploring in the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone regionsthrough the remainder of the 1850s.During the Civil War, he was asurgeon for the Union Army.Resuming his western expeditions afterthe end of the war, he led an expedition to Yellowstone in 1871, theresult of which was the creation of the national park the following 496 APPENDIXyear.He joined the U.S.Geological Survey on its creation in 1879,and retired due to ill health in 1886.(Thrapp, 1991, 1:633)HAYES, James Webb Cook (1856 1923), son of President Ruther-ford B.Hayes, and a sort of surrogate son to the childless Georgeand Mary Crook, often accompanied Crook on hunting trips in theWest, and stood with Mary at the general s funeral.Webb Hayes at-tended Cornell University, but left in 1875 to serve as his father ssecretary while he was both governor of Ohio and president.In 1887,he and three associates founded National Carbon Company, laterUnion Carbide, of which he served many years as vice president.He served with distinction in the Spanish-American War, winningthe Medal of Honor for valor in the Philippine Campaign.He alsoserved in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War.See alsoHAYES, Lucy Ware Webb; HAYES, Rutherford Birchard.(Robinson,2001; Wikipedia)HAYES, Lucy Ware Webb (1831 89), wife of President RutherfordB.Hayes, and mother of Webb Hayes, was the first wife of a presi-dent to be referred to as First Lady. She was considered the mostpopular president s wife since Dolley Madison, almost sixty yearsearlier, and at her death, flags throughout the nation were loweredto half-staff.Mrs.Hayes attended Ohio Wesleyan University, and wasthe first wife of a president to have a college degree, and devotedher education and energy to social causes.She was an active aboli-tionist and supporter of the Temperance Movement, and during herhusband s term, alcohol was not served at the White House.Duringthe Civil War, on visits to General Hayes headquarters, she used herfree time to nurse wounded soldiers in the hospitals.(Hoogeboom;Robinson, 2001; Wikipedia.)HAYES, Rutherford Birchard (1822 1893), served under Crook asa brigadier general of Volunteers during the Civil War, and becameCrook s life-long friend, supporter, and admirer, even naming oneof his sons after him.Declared president after a controversial andhotly contested election, Hayes held office from 1877 to 1881.Hewas determined not to be distracted by campaign considerations, andtherefore did not seek a second term.Consequently, in many casesthe full effect of his reforms was not apparent until after he left office.Nevertheless, he was one of the more capable presidents of the lastthree decades of the nineteenth century.See also HAYES, James WebbCook; HAYES, Lucy Ware Webb.(Robinson, 2001; Hoogeboom) PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE DIARY 497HAYT, Ezra, a New Jersey businessman with ties to the Boardof Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church, was commissioner ofIndian Affairs from 1877 to 1880.Hayt previously served on theBoard of Indian Commissioners, and was appointed commissionerof Indian Affairs in an effort to clean up the scandal-ridden Indianservice.As commissioner, he advocated several reforms, althoughnot all were adopted by Congress.He was implicated, however, ina series of irregularities at the San Carlos, Arizona, agency and, inJanuary 1880, Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz replaced him.See also SCHURZ, Carl.(Prucha, 191 92)HITCHCOCK, Phineas Warren (1831 81), native of New York,moved to Omaha in 1857.He practiced law and from 1861 to 1864served as U.S.marshal.He served as territorial delegate to Congressfrom 1865 to 1867, when Nebraska became a state.Hitchcock wassenator from 1871 to 1877, and served as chairman of the Commit-tee on Territories.(Wikipedia)HOAR, George Frisbie (1826 1904), was a Massachusetts sena-tor who attacked corruption and advocated Women s Suffrage andrights for minorities including American Indians.Although he wasa Republican, Hoar was noted for being nonpartisan and did nothesitate to criticize members of his own party whom he believedwere wrong or were not acting in the best interests of the nation.(Wikipedia)HOWARD, E.A., was agent at the Spotted Tail Agency from1873 to 1876.Little is known of him except that beneath his quietdemeanor he had great strength of character.He was the only agentwho lasted more than a year at Spotted Tail during that period
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